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		SunFaith CI Newsletter Topic: Anti-Corruption Dated: issue 1 of 2010 Version:[中文][English]
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Definition of Commercial Bribery Commercial bribery, a term in Competition Law, is defined by the U.S. "Black's Law Dictionary," as a certain competitor’ practice of offering something to buy employees or agents of its rival in order to gain an advantage over its rival. Generally speaking, commercial bribery is defined as: an illicit competition practice in business activities of acquiring business opportunities or advantages via offering enterprises or individuals personal property or other benefits secretly to sell/purchase, provide/accept services. An Overview of Commercial Bribery Cases Involving Multinational Corporations in China ‘Wal-Mart Case’ In December 2003, while submitting the project report of Wal-Mart (Kunming) for investigation by govenment organizations, Wal-Mart (Kunming) Management Services Co., Ltd. offered shopping guide and paid around RMB 100,000 in Hongkong for the wife of Peng Mu Yu, former Party Secretary and Director of Yunnan Province Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation Department. After this affair was exposed, Peng Mu Yu was sentenced 10 years in prison. "Lucent case" In April 2004, it was disclosed that in the past three years, Lucent sponsored nearly one thousand Chinese government officials and executives of telecom operators to "visit" the United States and provided the so-called training and visits to factories in entertaining Hawaii, Las Vegas, Grand Canyon, Disneyland and New York. These trips cost Lucent more than 10 million U.S. dollars. Finally the bribery was disclosed, and Lucent was punished by the U.S. Justice Department and the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) to pay a penalty of 2.5 million U.S. dollars. "Depp Case" In May 2005, the U.S. Justice Department disclosed that the Tianjin Branch of Depp, which is the world's largest diagnostic equipment manufacturers, bribed doctors at state-owned hospitals with totally 1.623 million U.S. dollars in cash during the 11 years since 1991, in exchange for the purchase of Depp’s products from these medical institutions. Depp earned 200 million U.S. dollars from the trade. However, the company was eventually punished by relevant organizations in the United States to pay a penalty of 4.79 million U.S. dollar for violation of ‘Anti-Bribery Law’ "IBM case" In November 2006, Beijing First Intermediate People's Court declared judgments that, between 2002 and 2003, IBM executives violated the principles and procedures of China’s financial foreign affairs by meeting Zhang Enzhao, Former Director of China Construction Bank and transferring to a third person’s account of HSBC in Hong Kong 225,000 U.S. dollars as “service fee”, which was then transferred to Zhang En Zhao as a reward. "Carrefour case" In August 2007, the French retail giant Carrefour China headquarters issued a circular saying that eight managerial staff in Beijing had been detained on suspicion of accepting bribes from suppliers. The case involved bribes totaling more than one million RMB. "Siemens case" At the end of 2008, the German engineering giant Siemens Telecom settled the bribery case which has plagued it for 2 years by paying a penalty of about 1.3 billion, the penalty of highest amount for commercial bribery. Siemens suffered such a heavy penalty because, during 2003 and 2007, it bribed five Chinese state-owned hospitals with 23.4 million U.S. dollars; meanwhile, via bribing relevant Chinese officials, Siemens acquired subway projects valued at 1 billion U.S. dollars and two projects of high-voltage transmission line valued at 838 million U.S. dollars in South China. "Morgan Stanley case" In February 2009, the documents Morgan Stanley submitted to the SEC said the company had found a real estate employee in China "seems to violate ‘the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act’". Then two real estate supervisors in China resigned, and relevant suspects are under investigation. Industries with Frequent Commercial Briberies in China o Retailing Industry o Bulk Commodity Industry o State Monopoly Industries o 旅游服务行业Tourism Industry o 医药行业Pharmaceutical Industry o 公关行业Public Relationship Industry o 金融服务行业 Financial Industry Commercial bribery, as the malformed product of market competition exists not only in mature market but also in a number of monopoly industries. The appearance of commercial bribery breaks the relatively fair competition and enables originally not competitive enterprises "stand out", grants the original market leaders an even strong market position. This is the reason why many big companies, even multinational companies are found involved in commercial bribery scandals now and then in recent years. Extented Reading 1. Stern Hu Admitted in Court Acceptance of Commercial Bribery "Rio Tinto bribery case" came on for trial on March 22^nd. The prosecution accused Stern Hu and another three colleagues of being suspected of taking bribes of more than 80 million RMB. However, according to attendants on court, Stern Hu confessed that he only received part of the bribe. There is still disagreement on whether the amount of money involved should be regarded as a bribe and on the specific amount of money involved. [Read More] 2. German Carmaker Daimler Accused of Bribing Chinese officials and Sinopec Involved German automaker Daimler was accused of violation of current U.S. Bribery Law by the U.S. Justice Department this Tuesday. It is said that Daimler has been involved in bribery in 22 countries, acquiring commercial contracts via offering foreign officials millions of dollars in cash and luxury cars etc. [Read More] 3. 10,805 Commercial Bribery Cases Received by Courts of All Levels Nationwide in 2009 and 10,672 Settled Statistics shows that in 2009, 10,805 commercial bribery cases were received by courts of All levels nationwide and 10,672 were settled. In the same year, among those commercial bribery cases in effective verdict, the number of criminals exempted from criminal punishment, sentenced to probation or detention declined year-on-year respectively, while that of those sentenced to imprisonment, life imprisonment and death penalty rebounded a little bit. [Read More] 4. Dispute About Whether Channel Fees should be Defined as a Form of Commercial Bribery The brief report of Foshan City Anti-Commercial Bribery Office showed that Mengniu and Pepsi had committed commercial briberies via signing with retailers agreements of paying display fees, and that the revenues had been confiscated by Foshan City Industrial and Commercial Bureau according to law, and two companies were charged penalties of serveal 10 thousand RMB. Dispute were aroused on whether channel fees should be defined as a form of commercial bribery. [Read More] 5. Doubts over whether Blue Focus Committed Hidden Commercial Bribery to Raise Money On December 30, 2009, Bue Focus IPO passed the inspection of GEM (Growth Enterprise Market), CSRC (China Securities Regulatory Commission). As the first to-be-listed company in the public-relation industry, Blue Focus was plagued by suspicion of committing hidden commercial bribery. [Read More] 6. CCI Conducted Briberies Globally The U.S. Justice Department disclosed that U.S. Control Component Company (CCI) committed briberies globally and the bribery list included nine Chinese companies. [Read More] 7."Commission Scandal" is Back Again; Jinbo Building Materials Co., Ltd is Suspected of Commercial Bribery. Commercial bribery seems to never fade out of our vision. Many companies conducted illegitimate competitions via various and ever-changing ways of paying bribes. In the Depp Bribery Case in 2006, the Tianjin Branch of Depp, which is the world's leading medical diagnostic equipment company, promoted products to hospitals via providing commission in cash. When Nippon Paint, a world famous brand, settled down in Changchun and planned for further development, it was accused of commercial bribery in an informant's letter delivered to the Trade and Industry Bureau of Changchun City. And recently, a certain insider complained to reporters that Fuzhou Jin Bo Building Materials Co., Ltd. had committed commercial bribery while selling "steel wall" series of painting materials. [Read More] 8. Commercial bribery is a "marketing edge tool? Similar bribery scandals have occurred throughout the world, but in general, developing countries become major regions where commercial bribery frequently occurs, especially Africa affluent in resources and emerging countries with huge infrastructure gaps. In 2008, the international anti-corruption organization "Transparency International" released "Corruption Perceptions Index", listing the "BRIC" - Russia, China, India and Brazil - as four countries with "the most serious bribery practices in exports". PWC Global Survey Director Steven Skalak even warned investors that for companies operated in emerging economies, they should understand how to cope with deceit and corruption before investment. However, many multinational companies, with the understanding of commercial bribery, use it as a "marketing edge" to explore new markets. [Read More] Back to top
商业贿赂概述 商业贿赂属于竞争法上的一个术语，根据美国的《布莱克法律词典》，商业贿赂是指竞争者通过秘密收买交易对方的雇员或代理人的方式，获取优于其竞争对手的竞争优势的行为。一般来说，商业贿赂被定义为：在商业活动中，经营者为销售或者购买商品、提供或者接受服务而采用在账外暗中给予对方企业或者个人财物或者其他利益，以获得交易机会或有利于交易条件的不正当竞争行为。 近年来跨国企业在华涉嫌商业贿赂案件一览 “沃尔玛案” 2003年12月，昆明沃尔玛管理服务有限公司在报审昆明沃尔玛管理服务有限公司项目时，为云南省对外贸易经济合作厅原党组书记、厅长彭木裕之妻在香港导购，并为其支付了10余万人民币的购物费。东窗事发后，彭木裕获刑10年。 “朗讯案” 2004年4月，朗讯被曝在过去3年间为近千人次的中国政府官员、电信运营商高管出资“访问”美国，并以“参观工厂，接受培训”为由安排前往夏威夷、拉斯维加斯、大峡谷、迪士尼乐园和纽约等地的行程。朗讯为此出资超过千万美元。案发后，朗迅被美国司法部和美国证券交易委员会（SEC）重罚250万美元。 “德普案” 2005年5月，美国司法部披露，全球最大的诊断设备生产企业德普公司天津子公司从1991年开始的11年时间中向中国国有医院医生行贿162.3万美元现金，用来换取这些医疗机构购买德普公司的产品，德普公司从中赚取了200万美元。这家企业最后被美国相关机构以违反“反商业贿赂法”为由处以479万美元巨额罚金。 “IBM案” 2006年11月，北京市第一中级人民法院发布判决书称，2002年到2003年之间，IBM高管通过中间人的安排，多次违反中国金融外事活动的工作原则和程序与中国建设银行原行长张恩照会面，作为报酬，IBM将22.5万美元以“服务费”的名义汇入中间人在香港汇丰银行的账户，之后转交张恩照。 “家乐福案” 2007年８月，法国零售业巨头家乐福中国总部发出通告称，北京区域的8名经理级员工因涉嫌收受供应商贿赂被警方拘留。此案涉案贿赂总额超过百万元。 “西门子案” 2008年底，德国电信工程业巨头西门子公司同意支付大约13亿美元的罚金了结了困扰自己2年多的贿赂案，创下了有史以来的最大商业贿赂罚单。西门子遭遇如此重罚的原因是：在2003年到2007年间，西门子曾向５家中国国有医院行贿2340万美元，与此同时，西门子还通过贿赂中国部分官员，获得了价值10亿美元的地铁工程和华南地区两个总价值约为8.38亿美元的电力高压传输线项目。 “大摩案” 2009年2月，摩根斯丹利向SEC提交文件称，公司发现一名中国区地产雇员“似乎有违反《反海外腐败法》的行为”，随后，两名中国区地产主管宣告离职。至于大摩在中国相关涉嫌受贿者，目前正在调查中。 在中国较多涉及/爆出商业贿赂丑闻的行业 o 商业零售行业 o 大宗商品行业 o 国家垄断型行业 o 旅游服务行业 o 医药行业 o 公关行业 o 金融服务行业 作为市场竞争畸形产物的商业贿赂，不仅仅出现在成熟的市场环境中，也往往出现在某一些垄断性行业内。商业贿赂的出现，打破了相对公平的市场竞争环境，让原本不具备竞争优势的企业“脱颖而出”，又或者让原本的市场领导者获得更为牢固的市场地位，这也是为何近年来众多大公司甚至是跨国公司频频曝出商业贿赂丑闻的原因。 延伸阅读 1. 胡士泰当庭承认接受商业贿赂 “力拓案”受贿罪3月22日开审，检方指控胡士泰及另三名同事涉嫌受贿逾8000万人民币。但据参与庭审人士透露，胡士泰仅承认了部分金额，他以及另三名被告对钱款是否构成受贿以及具体涉案金额等，仍存有较大异议。[阅读全文] 2. 德国车商戴姆勒被控向中国官员行贿 中石化涉案 德国车商戴姆勒本周二被美国司法部指控违反了美国行贿受贿法。美国司法部称，戴姆勒在22个国家行贿，通过向外国官员支付数百万美元现金及赠送豪华轿车等方式来赢得商业合约。[阅读全文] 3. 全国法院2009年受理商业贿赂案件10805件 结案10672件 据统计，2009年全年，全国法院受理商业贿赂案件数量达10,805，结案案件数量10,672。而在2009年各类商业贿赂犯罪案件生效判决中，判处免于刑事处罚、缓刑、拘役的人数与2008年同比分别下降，判处有期徒刑、无期徒刑和死刑的人数比2008年有所上升。[阅读全文] 4. 渠道费成商业贿赂再受争议 在佛山市治理商业贿赂办公室工作简报中，蒙牛公司和百事公司因与零售企业以签订协议的形式支付陈列费，构成商业贿赂，被佛山市工商局依法没收销售收入并分别处数万元的罚款。渠道费是否构成商业贿赂，再次引发争议。[阅读全文] 5. 潜藏商业贿赂蓝色光标圈钱疑问 2009年12月30日,蓝色光标IPO获得证监会创业板发审委审核通过。作为公关行业第一家行将上市的企业,由于其行走在灰色边缘而备受商业贿赂嫌疑。[阅读全文] 6. 美国控制组件公司(CCI)在全球行贿 据美国司法部披露，美国控制组件公司(CCI)在全球行贿，行贿名单中涉及9家中国公司。[阅读全文] 7. “回扣门”重现 金博建材涉嫌商业贿赂 商业贿赂这个词似乎从未淡出我们的视野，许多公司凭借五花八门、不断翻新的行贿方式进行不正当竞争。2006年在德普行贿案中，全球著名的医疗诊断器材公司美国德普公司在天津的公司以现金回扣的方式向医院推销产品。立邦漆，一个驰名世界的品牌，当它刚刚在长春市场站住脚，并准备大放光彩的时候，一封举报信其涉嫌商业行贿的信寄到了长春市工商局。而近日，又有知情者向记者投诉，称福州金博建材有限公司在销售“钢铁长城”等系列油漆建材时再度重演“回扣门”，涉嫌商业行贿。[阅读全文] 8. 商业贿赂是“营销利器”？ 类似的行贿丑闻在世界各地时有发生，但总的来说，发展中国家是跨国公司商业贿赂的重灾区，特别是资源丰富的非洲和基础建设缺口巨大的新兴国家。2008年，国际反腐败组织“透明国际”发布“清廉指数”，将“金砖四国”俄罗斯、中国、印度和巴西列为“出口贿赂最严重”的4个国家。普华永道全球调查主管Steven Skalak甚至提醒投资者，在新兴经济体开展经营的公司，应在投资之前就对如何应对欺诈和腐败现象有所了解。然而，许多跨国公司对这些情况有所了解之后，反而把商业贿赂作为开拓市场的“营销利器”。[阅读全文] 回顶端
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